Poland's energy transformation has become one of the key challenges of the next decades. In the face of European climate policy, imposing higher and higher costs of carbon dioxide emissions within the EU ETS system, Poland - like the rest of Europe - is struggling with the challenges related to turning off stable energy sources, such as coal or atomic power plants.

At the same time, investments in new powers, mainly in renewable energy sources (renewable energy) like wind and photovoltaic farms, encounter restrictions related to insufficient infrastructure, primarily in the area of ​​transmission networks and energy storage.
This situation leads to an increase in energy prices and threats to the stability of its supply, which directly affects the competitiveness of the European and Polish economy. The relative impoverishment of societies, resulting from rising energy costs, raises the basic question: who will bear the burden of this transformation? Estimates indicate that the cost of changing the Polish energy mix in the coming decades may be from 1.5 to 1.7 trillion.
In the context of growing geopolitical threats, especially after multiple energy crises of recent years, the energy security of the state has become a priority. It means not only the availability of energy, but also its stable deliveries at acceptable prices. Therefore, transformation cannot be only a reaction to the EU directives - it must be a conscious process that protects
the country's economic and social interests.

Directions of the necessary actions:
1. Accepting a coherent state energy strategy.
This strategy should not only be an administrative document, but also realistically affect the energy market, in particular the activities of energy concerns. The adaptation of strategy to dynamic market
and geopolitical conditions should be the foundation for the investment and modernization of the sector.

2. Focus of competences in one ministry.
The current dispersion of competences makes it difficult to make key decisions. Concentration of responsibility for energy policy and energy security in one ministry will improve decision -making processes and increase the efficiency of state activities.

3. Acceleration of investments in strategic production assets.
The key project is the construction of the first nuclear power plant in Pomerania, whose implementation must become a priority. It is also necessary to designate further locations and select technological partners for the next nuclear blocks.

4. Reactivation of the NABE project or creating a real alternative.
Energy transformation does not mean immediate departure from coal. It is needed to maintain the stability of the power system by supporting existing coal power plants, which will be necessary for some time until new energy sources reach the required powers.

5. Finalization of gas investments.
Natural gas, although also emission, is a significant transitional fuel in the transformation process. Therefore, it is necessary to complete the already started gas projects that will ensure the flexibility of the system and the security of deliveries in the transition period. Stable supplies of natural gas are important not only for energy security, but also for the petrochemical sector.

6. Creation of a heating sector transformation strategy.
The heating sector, often overlooked in public debate, also requires thorough changes. The transformation of a heating plant into more energy -effective and less emission units will be crucial both to achieve climate goals and to improve the quality of life of residents. In the future, small modular reactors, the so -called SMR.

7. Activities in the EU forum for fair transformation.
Poland must actively strive in EU institutions to take into account the specifics of its initial situation: carbon addiction, limited financial resources and infrastructure. The transformation should be fair, adapted to the possibilities and conditions of domestic, taking into account the economic situation of society.

Poland's energy transformation is an inevitable process, but its course and pace should be adapted to the economic, social and infrastructure realities of the country. Accepting a comprehensive strategy, concentration of competences, nuclear energy development, reasonable use of coal during the transitional period and activity in the EU arena - these are key elements that may determine the success of this transformation. Otherwise, we are threatened with loss of competitiveness, deepening energy poverty and destabilization of the energy system.